Peering into South Africa’s Potentially Energy Efficient Future

South Africa’s energy sector has faced a crisis since 2008, marked by power cuts, high tariffs and a general inability to match supply and demand. This has led to the painting of a dismal picture about the future of the country’s energy supply and its impact on economic growth.

South Africa’s energy sector has faced a crisis since 2008, marked by power cuts, high tariffs and a general inability to match supply and demand. This has led to the painting of a dismal picture about the future of the country’s energy supply and its impact on economic growth.

It is imperative to find a solution to the current difficult situation. This is because energy plays a vital role in the growth and development of a country.  A priority for policymakers since the end of apartheid in 1994 has been to provide energy to everyone. Since nearly achieving this target, the attention is shifting to the intensity of electricity use in South Africa.

What will it take to achieve greater efficiency?

Three key areas can lead South Africa towards greater energy efficiency, as well as reductions in carbon emissions. These are:

* technological innovations for energy efficiency

* changing the energy supply mix

* promoting structural changes in the economy

National energy policies and strategies can combine all of these, but they differ in two points: the time horizon of the results and the risk of outcomes.

The introduction of technological innovations that can achieve higher energy efficiency levels depends heavily on the availability and cost of the innovations. It also depends on the receptiveness in sectors where their adoption will take place.

Changing South Africa’s energy supply mix will not be easy because of the abundance of coal. In addition, and possibly more importantly, the state-owned power utility Eskom’s fleet of power stations runs mostly on coal.

Equally, the sectors driving the economy are energy intensive. They are also important sources of employment, investment, and income. Historically the country primarily promoted mega industries that use a lot of energy and are capital-intensive. Until 2008-09, South Africa’s comparatively low industrial electricity tariffs attracted significant investments in traditionally energy-intensive sectors such as mining and manufacturing.

These industries are inflexible and slow to change. For example, once they make a major investment in the construction of a smelter, opportunities to change to more energy efficient technology or production process are limited.

The government appreciates the need to reduce the energy intensity of the economy over the long term. This year’s budget made specific mention of the need to promote growth in tradeable and services sectors that consume less electricity per unit of output.

However, it will take more to bring about any meaningful change. To achieve the shift in the economy without affecting output and production, economic and industrial policies should combine with efforts from energy policymakers.

It would be helpful to adjust the incentives and tariffs that attract energy-intensive investments. Low-emission and low-intensity sectors should receive direct incentives. By lowering the cost of energy, input costs would come down and South African exports could achieve greater competitiveness.

Admittedly, the trade-off and eventual balance is difficult and requires financial and political support from various stakeholders. Of critical importance is the co-ordination of various policies. All government departments involved with South Africa’s economic sectors should make a concentrated effort. Achieving this will take all-inclusive debate and design over time.

The transition from a resource-based economy to a knowledge, service, and quality of human capital based economy requires information, education, research, and development. Any new strategy therefore needs to include investment in research activities that will show the way to innovative solutions. Structural changes in the economy as well as more efficient ways to consume energy are worthy of exploration.

In this transition, South Africa should also investigate alternative fuels that will make even the high-energy intensive sector’s consumption cleaner and more environmental friendly. For this, a properly planned, organised, managed, and monitored market for renewable energies needs to be in place. This needs to combine with a comprehensive policy to provide consumers with alternatives to “dirty” fossil fuel-based energy.

Finally, how else can one promote this transition? There is one thing that all sectors, industries and firms are interested in – economic gain and profits. Instead of penalising intensive users, which happens with a carbon tax, an alternative would be to incentivise them. This could be done by introducing a reward programme, such as an emissions trading system, or, even more suitable to South Africa, an energy-intensity trading scheme.

By trading credits of energy intensive use, the sectoral users would aim to reduce their energy consumption as well as trade their credits for additional profits.

South Africa is a unique case with a number of inherited socioeconomic challenges and difficulties. However, its energy policymakers have started aiming at changes that are more fundamental rather than the recent short-term solutions.

Structural economic changes and an effort to shift the economy to sectors with lower energy consumption and a smaller footprint will certainly take more time, and even more funding, to bear positive results. The impact will be more permanent and sustainable.

How South Africa can transition to a less energy-intensive economy is republished with permission from The Conversation