Central bankers believe that mild inflation, in the 1 to 2 per cent range, is the most benign for a country’s economy. High inflation, stagflation or deflation are all considered to be serious economic threats.

What Will Cause Inflation?

The following factors can lead to inflation:

• Printing too much money. This is called a loose or expansionary monetary policy. If there is a lot of money going around, then supply is plentiful compared to the products you can buy with that money. The law of supply and demand therefore dictatesthat prices will rise.
• Increases in production costs.
• Tax rises.
• Declines in exchange rates.
• Decreases in the availability of limited resources such as food or oil.
• War or other events causing instability.

Economists generally believe that money supply is the key cause of inflation; in 2008, however, skyrocketing prices of oil, food and steel caused runaway levels of inflation in the world economy that collapsed only because of the global Financial Crisis.

Effects of Inflation

One of the economic effects of inflation is the change in the marginal cost of producing money. This involves the appropriate 'price' of money which, in this case, is the nominal rate of interest. This 'price' indicates the return which has to bepre-determined to hold back the printing presses, in place of some other assets which offer the market interest rate.

In addition, if a country has a higher rate of inflation than other countries, its balance of trade is likely to move in an unfavorable direction. This is because there is a decline in its price competitiveness in the global market.

A high rate of inflation can cause the following economic impediments:

The value of investments are destroyed over time.

• It is economically disastrous for lenders.
• Arbitrary governmental control of the economy to control inflation can restrain economic development of the country.
• Non-uniform inflation can lead to heavy competition in the global market and threaten the existence of small economies.
• High levels of inflation tend to lead to economic stagnation.

Measures to Control Inflation

The central banks, monetary authorities or finance ministries of most nations have the authority to take economic measures to control rising inflation by regulating the following factors:

Reducing the central bank interest rates and increasing bank interest rates.

• Regulating fixed exchange rates of the domestic currency.
• Controlling prices and wages.
• Providing cost of living allowance to citizens in order to create demand in the market.

Different schools of thought emphasize different factors as the root cause of inflation. However, there is a consensus on theview that economic inflation is caused either by an increase in the money supply or a decrease in the quantity of goods being supplied, and that the effects of either high inflation or deflation are extremely damaging to the economy.